Friday, August 26, 2011

The MBA for Movie Watchers 看电影学MBA - 精髓课程 解析

The MBA for Movie Watchers
  
   1.  Wall Street DVD ~ Michael Douglas
The list author says: 
  "Corporate Finance" 

   2.  Barbarians at the Gate DVD ~ James Garner
The list author says: 
  "Mergers & Acquisitions" 

   3.  Rogue Trader DVD ~ Ewan McGregor
The list author says: 
  "Derivatives and Risk Management" 

   4.  Other People's Money [VHS] VHS Danny DeVito
The list author says: 
  "Corporate Restrucuring" 

   5.  The Godfather (Widescreen Edition) DVD ~ Marlon Brando
The list author says: 
  "Strategic Management" 

   6.  The Hudsucker Proxy DVD ~ Tim Robbins
The list author says: 
  "Marketing Management" 

   7.  Glengarry Glen Ross DVD ~ Al Pacino
The list author says: 
  "Human Resource Management" 
   8.  Lost in Translation DVD ~ Bill Murray
The list author says: 
  "International Business" 

   9.  Tucker--The Man and His Dream [VHS] VHS Jeff Bridges
The list author says: 
  "Operations Management" 

   10.  Wag the Dog (New Line Platinum Series) DVD ~ Dustin Hoffman
The list author says: 
  "Business Communication" 

   11.  Office Space [VHS] VHS Ron Livingston
The list author says: 
  "Organizational Behavior" 

   12.  Thirteen Days (Infinifilm Edition) DVD ~ Kevin Costner
The list author says: 
  "Business Negotiations" 
   13.  Citizen Kane (Two-Disc Special Edition) DVD ~ Orson Welles
The list author says: 
  "Power and Influence" 

   14.  Patton DVD ~ George C. Scott
The list author says: 
  "Leadership" 
   15.  Catch Me If You Can (Widescreen Two-Disc Special Edition) DVD ~ Leonardo DiCaprio
The list author says: 
  "Entrepreneurship"  

   16.  Pirates of Silicon Valley [VHS] VHS Noah Wyle
The list author says: 
  "Entrepreneurial Management" 

   17.  A Beautiful Mind (The Awards Edition) [VHS] VHS Russell Crowe
The list author says: 
  "Quantitative Methods" 

   18.  The Criterion Collection (3-Disc Boxed Set) DVD ~ Jonathan Pryce
The list author says: 
  "Information Systems Management" 
   19.  Roger & Me [VHS] VHS James Bond (IV)
The list author says: 
  "Managing Corporate Reputation" 

   20.  The Spanish Prisoner DVD ~ Campbell Scott
The list author says: 
  "Business Ethics" 

   21.  Enron: The Smartest Guys in the Room 
The list author says: 
  "Financial Accounting" 
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Steve Jobs的十句金玉良言

“I think we’re having fun. I think our customers really like our products. And we’re always trying to do better.”
- Steve Jobs
His accomplishments and character helped define a generation and change the world. He is co-founder of the fairytale company we now know as Apple Computers. And he is the visionary of the personal computers world that led the entire computer hardware and software industry to restructure itself.
This man with boundless energy and charisma is also a master of hype, hyperbole and the catchy phrase. And even when he’s trying to talk normally, brilliant verbiage comes tumbling out.
Here’s a selection of some of the most insanely great things he said, golden lessons to help you succeed in life, Jobs-style:
1. Steve Jobs said: “Innovation distinguishes between a leader and a follower.”
Innovation has no limits. The only limit is your imagination. It’s time for you to begin thinking out of the box. If you are involved in a growing industry, think of ways to become more efficient; more customer friendly; and easier to do business with. If you are involved in a shrinking industry – get out of it quick and change before you become obsolete; out of work; or out of business. And remember that procrastination is not an option here. Start innovating now!
2. Steve Jobs said: “Be a yardstick of quality. Some people aren’t used to an environment where excellence is expected.”
There is no shortcut to excellence. You will have to make the commitment to make excellence your priority. Use your talents, abilities, and skills in the best way possible and get ahead of others by giving that little extra. Live by a higher standard and pay attention to the details that really do make the difference. Excellence is not difficult - simply decide right now to give it your best shot - and you will be amazed with what life gives you back.
3. Steve Jobs said: “The only way to do great work is to love what you do. If you haven’t found it yet, keep looking. Don’t settle. As with all matters of the heart, you’ll know when you find it.”
I’ve got it down to four words: “Do what you love.” Seek out an occupation that gives you a sense of meaning, direction and satisfaction in life. Having a sense of purpose and striving towards goals gives life meaning, direction and satisfaction. It not only contributes to health and longevity, but also makes you feel better in difficult times. Do you jump out of bed on Monday mornings and look forward to the work week? If the answer is ‘no’ keep looking, you’ll know when you find it.
4. Steve Jobs said: “You know, we don’t grow most of the food we eat. We wear clothes other people make. We speak a language that other people developed. We use a mathematics that other people evolved… I mean, we’re constantly taking things. It’s a wonderful, ecstatic feeling to create something that puts it back in the pool of human experience and knowledge.”
Live in a way that is ethically responsible. Try to make a difference in this world and contribute to the higher good. You’ll find it gives more meaning to your life and it’s a great antidote to boredom. There is always so much to be done. And talk to others about what you are doing. Don’t preach or be self-righteous, or fanatical about it, that just puts people off, but at the same time, don’t be shy about setting an example, and use opportunities that arise to let others know what you are doing.
5. Steve Jobs said: “There’s a phrase in Buddhism, ‘Beginner’s mind.’ It’s wonderful to have a beginner’s mind.”
It is the kind of mind that can see things as they are, which step by step and in a flash can realize the original nature of everything. Beginner’s mind is Zen practice in action. It is the mind that is innocent of preconceptions and expectations, judgements and prejudices. Think of beginner’s mind as the mind that faces life like a small child, full of curiosity and wonder and amazement.
6. Steve Jobs said: “We think basically you watch television to turn your brain off, and you work on your computer when you want to turn your brain on.”
Reams of academic studies over the decades have amply confirmed television’s pernicious mental and moral influences. And most TV watchers know that their habit is mind-numbing and wasteful, but still spend most of their time in front of that box. So turn your TV off and save some brain cells. But be cautious, you can turn your brain off by using a computer also. Try and have an intelligent conversation with someone who plays first person shooters for 8 hours a day. Or auto race games, or role-playing games.
7. Steve Jobs said: “I’m the only person I know that’s lost a quarter of a billion dollars in one year…. It’s very character-building.”
Don’t equate making mistakes with being a mistake. There is no such thing as a successful person who has not failed or made mistakes, there are successful people who made mistakes and changed their lives or performance in response to them, and so got it right the next time. They viewed mistakes as warnings rather than signs of hopeless inadequacy. Never making a mistake means never living life to the full.
8. Steve Jobs said: “I would trade all of my technology for an afternoon with Socrates.”
Over the last decade, numerous books featuring lessons from historical figures have appeared on the shelves of bookstores around the world. And Socrates stands with Leonardo da Vinci, Nicholas Copernicus, Charles Darwin and Albert Einstein as a beacon of inspiration for independent thinkers. But he came first. Cicero said of Socrates that, “He called philosophy down from the skies and into the lives of men.” So use Socrates’ principles in your life, your work, your learning, and your relationships. It’s not about Socrates, it’s really about you, and how you can bring more truth, beauty and goodness into your life everyday.
9. Steve Jobs said: “We’re here to put a dent in the universe. Otherwise why else even be here?”
Did you know that you have big things to accomplish in life? And did you know that those big things are getting rather dusty while you pour yourself another cup of coffee, and decide to mull things over rather than do them? We were all born with a gift to give in life, one which informs all of our desires, interests, passions and curiosities. This gift is, in fact, our purpose. And you don’t need permission to decide your own purpose. No boss, teacher, parent, priest or other authority can decide this for you. Just find that unique purpose.
10. Steve Jobs said: “Your time is limited, so don’t waste it living someone else’s life. Don’t be trapped by dogma - which is living with the results of other people’s thinking. Don’t let the noise of other’s opinions drown out your own inner voice. And most important, have the courage to follow your heart and intuition. They somehow already know what you truly want to become. Everything else is secondary.”
Are you tired of living someone else’s dream? No doubt, its your life and you have every right to spend it in your own individual way without any hurdles or barriers from others. Give yourself a chance to nurture your creative qualities in a fear-free and pressure-free climate. Live a life that YOU choose and be your own boss.
Each lesson might be difficult to integrate into your life at first, but if you ease your way into each lesson, one at a time, you’ll notice an immediate improvement in your overall performance. So go ahead, give them a try.
"I think we're having fun. I think our customers really like our products. And we're always trying to do better." - Steve Jobs.
他的成就和人格魅力影响了一代人和整个世界，他就是拥有梦幻般传奇经历的苹果电脑公司的创始人斯蒂夫乔布斯。这个个人电脑领域的梦想家引领并改变了整个计算机硬件和软件产业。
这个精力充沛魅力无限的家伙同时也是一个很会鼓动人心的激励大师，甚至在他的平常对话中，经典的语句也常常脱口而出。
这里摘取了一些他的经典语录，希望这些乔氏语录对你有所帮助：
“领袖和跟风者的区别就在于创新。”
创新无极限！只要敢想，没有什么不可能，立即跳出思维的框框吧。如果你正处于一个上升的朝阳行业，那么尝试去寻找更有效的解决方案：更招消费者喜爱、更简洁的商业模式。如果你处于一个日渐萎缩的行业，那么赶紧在自己变得跟不上时代之前抽身而出，去换个工作或者转换行业。不要拖延，立刻开始创新！
“成为卓越的代名词，很多人并不能适合需要杰出素质的环境。”
成功没有捷径。你必须把卓越转变成你身上的一个特质。最大限度的发挥你的天赋、才能、技巧，把其他所有人甩在你后面。高标准严格自己，把注意力集中在那些将会改变一切的细节上。变得卓越并不艰难 - 从现在开始尽自己最大能力去做 - 你会发现生活将给你惊人的回报。
“成就一番伟业的唯一途径就是热爱自己的事业。如果你还没能找到让自己热爱的事业，继续寻找，不要放弃。跟随自己的心，总有一天你会找到的。”
我把这段话浓缩为：“做我所爱”。去寻找一个能给你的生命带来意义、价值和让你感觉充实的事业。拥有使命感和目标感才能给生命带来意义、价值和充实。这不仅对你的健康和寿命有益处，而且即使在你处于困境的时候你也会感觉良好。在每周一的早上，你能不能利索的爬起来并且对工作日充满期待？如果不能，那么你得重新去寻找。你会感觉得到你是不是真的找到了。
“并不是每个人都需要种植自己的粮食，也不是每个人都需要做自己穿的衣服，我们说着别人发明的语言，使用别人发明的数学...我们一直在使用别人的成果。使用人类的已有经验和知识来进行发明创造是一件很了不起的事情。”
带着责任感生活，尝试为这个世界带来点有意义的事情，为更高尚的事情做点贡献。这样你会发现生活更加有意义，生命不再枯燥。需要我们去做的事情很多。告诉其他人你的计划，不要鼓吹，也不要自以为是，更不能盲目狂热，那样只会把人们吓跑，当然，你也不要害怕成为榜样，要抓住出头的机会让人们知道你的所作所为。
“佛教中有一句话：初学者的心态；拥有初学者的心态是件了不起的事情。”
不要迷惑于表象而要洞察事务的本质，初学者的心态是行动派的禅宗。所谓初学者的心态是指，不要无端猜测、不要期望、不要武断也不要偏见。初学者的心态正如一个新生儿面对这个世界一样，永远充满好奇、求知欲、赞叹。
“我们认为看电视的时候，人的大脑基本停止工作，打开电脑的时候，大脑才开始运转。”
过去十年中，大量的理论研究表明，电视对人的精神和心智是有害的。大多数电视观众都知道这个坏习惯会浪费时间并且使大脑变得迟钝，但是他们还是选择呆在电视机前面。关掉电视吧，给自己省点脑细胞。还有，电脑也会让你的大脑秀逗，不信的话你去跟那些一天花8小时玩第一视角设计游戏、汽车拉力游戏、角色扮演游戏的人聊聊看，你也会得出这个结论的。
“我是我所知唯一一个在一年中失去2.5亿美元的人...这对我的成长很有帮助。”
范错误不等于错误。从来没有哪个成功的人没有失败过或者犯过错误，相反，成功的人都是犯了错误之后，做出改正，然后下次就不会再错了，他们把错误当成一个警告而不是万劫不复的失败。从不犯错意味着从来没有真正活过。
“我愿意把我所有的科技去换取和苏格拉底相处的一个下午。”
十几年来，世界各地的书店里涌现出海量的关于历史人物的书籍。这些人物包括苏格拉底、达芬奇、哥白尼、达尔文以及爱因斯坦成为人们灵感的灯塔，而苏格拉底排在第一位。西塞罗评价苏格拉底说：“他把哲学从高山仰止高高在上的学科变得与人休戚相关。”把苏格拉底的原则运用到你的生活、工作、学习以及人及关系上吧，这不是关于苏格拉底，这是关于你自己，以及关于你如何给你每天的生活带来更多的真善美。
“活着就是为了改变世界，难道还有其他原因吗？”
你是否知道在你的生命中，有什么使命是一定要达成的？你知不知道在你喝一杯咖啡或者做些无意义事情的时候，这些使命又蒙上了一层灰尘？我们生来就随身带着一件东西，这件东西指示着我们的渴望、兴趣、热情以及好奇心，这就是使命。你不需要任何权威来评断你的使命，没有任何老板、老师、父母、牧师以及任何权威可以帮你来决定。你需要靠你自己来寻找这个独特的使命。
“你的时间有限，所以不要为别人而活。不要被教条所限，不要活在别人的观念里。不要让别人的意见左右自己内心的声音。最重要的是，勇敢的去追随自己的心灵和直觉，只有自己的心灵和直觉才知道你自己的真实想法，其他一切都是次要。”
你是否已经厌倦了为别人而活？不要犹豫，这是你的生活，你拥有绝对的自主权来决定如何生活，不要被其他人的所作所为所束缚。给自己一个培养自己创造力的机会，不要害怕，不要担心。过自己选择的生活，做自己的老板！

以上每句话，刚开始也许很难真正渗透入你的生活，但是如果你慢慢吸收这些教训，每次领悟一句话，慢慢的你将会发现一个全新的自我。不要踌躇不前，试试看。
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What Are You Going to Do With That? 不要在不断的优秀里走向平庸

What Are You Going to Do With That?



By William Deresiewicz



The essay below is adapted from a talk delivered to a freshman class at Stanford University in May.
The question my title poses, of course, is the one that is classically aimed at humanities majors. What practical value could there possibly be in studying literature or art or philosophy? So you must be wondering why I'm bothering to raise it here, at Stanford, this renowned citadel of science and technology. What doubt can there be that the world will offer you many opportunities to use your degree?
But that's not the question I'm asking. By "do" I don't mean a job, and by "that" I don't mean your major. We are more than our jobs, and education is more than a major. Education is more than college, more even than the totality of your formal schooling, from kindergarten through graduate school. By "What are you going to do," I mean, what kind of life are you going to lead? And by "that," I mean everything in your training, formal and informal, that has brought you to be sitting here today, and everything you're going to be doing for the rest of the time that you're in school.
We should start by talking about how you did, in fact, get here. You got here by getting very good at a certain set of skills. Your parents pushed you to excel from the time you were very young. They sent you to good schools, where the encouragement of your teachers and the example of your peers helped push you even harder. Your natural aptitudes were nurtured so that, in addition to excelling in all your subjects, you developed a number of specific interests that you cultivated with particular vigor. You did extracurricular activities, went to afterschool programs, took private lessons. You spent summers doing advanced courses at a local college or attending skill-specific camps and workshops. You worked hard, you paid attention, and you tried your very best. And so you got very good at math, or piano, or lacrosse, or, indeed, several things at once.
Now there's nothing wrong with mastering skills, with wanting to do your best and to be the best. What's wrong is what the system leaves out: which is to say, everything else. I don't mean that by choosing to excel in math, say, you are failing to develop your verbal abilities to their fullest extent, or that in addition to focusing on geology, you should also focus on political science, or that while you're learning the piano, you should also be working on the flute. It is the nature of specialization, after all, to be specialized. No, the problem with specialization is that it narrows your attention to the point where all you know about and all you want to know about, and, indeed, all you can know about, is your specialty.
The problem with specialization is that it makes you into a specialist. It cuts you off, not only from everything else in the world, but also from everything else in yourself. And of course, as college freshmen, your specialization is only just beginning. In the journey toward the success that you all hope to achieve, you have completed, by getting into Stanford, only the first of many legs. Three more years of college, three or four or five years of law school or medical school or a Ph.D. program, then residencies or postdocs or years as a junior associate. In short, an ever-narrowing funnel of specialization. You go from being a political-science major to being a lawyer to being a corporate attorney to being a corporate attorney focusing on taxation issues in the consumer-products industry. You go from being a biochemistry major to being a doctor to being a cardiologist to being a cardiac surgeon who performs heart-valve replacements.
Again, there's nothing wrong with being those things. It's just that, as you get deeper and deeper into the funnel, into the tunnel, it becomes increasingly difficult to remember who you once were. You start to wonder what happened to that person who played piano and lacrosse and sat around with her friends having intense conversations about life and politics and all the things she was learning in her classes. The 19-year-old who could do so many things, and was interested in so many things, has become a 40-year-old who thinks about only one thing. That's why older people are so boring. "Hey, my dad's a smart guy, but all he talks about is money and livers."
And there's another problem. Maybe you never really wanted to be a cardiac surgeon in the first place. It just kind of happened. It's easy, the way the system works, to simply go with the flow. I don't mean the work is easy, but the choices are easy. Or rather, the choices sort of make themselves. You go to a place like Stanford because that's what smart kids do. You go to medical school because it's prestigious. You specialize in cardiology because it's lucrative. You do the things that reap the rewards, that make your parents proud, and your teachers pleased, and your friends impressed. From the time you started high school and maybe even junior high, your whole goal was to get into the best college you could, and so now you naturally think about your life in terms of "getting into" whatever's next. "Getting into" is validation; "getting into" is victory. Stanford, then Johns Hopkins medical school, then a residency at the University of San Francisco, and so forth. Or Michigan Law School, or Goldman Sachs, or Mc­Kinsey, or whatever. You take it one step at a time, and the next step always seems to be inevitable.
Or maybe you did always want to be a cardiac surgeon. You dreamed about it from the time you were 10 years old, even though you had no idea what it really meant, and you stayed on course for the entire time you were in school. You refused to be enticed from your path by that great experience you had in AP history, or that trip you took to Costa Rica the summer after your junior year in college, or that terrific feeling you got taking care of kids when you did your rotation in pediatrics during your fourth year in medical school.
But either way, either because you went with the flow or because you set your course very early, you wake up one day, maybe 20 years later, and you wonder what happened: how you got there, what it all means. Not what it means in the "big picture," whatever that is, but what it means to you. Why you're doing it, what it's all for. It sounds like a cliché, this "waking up one day," but it's called having a midlife crisis, and it happens to people all the time.
There is an alternative, however, and it may be one that hasn't occurred to you. Let me try to explain it by telling you a story about one of your peers, and the alternative that hadn't occurred to her. A couple of years ago, I participated in a panel discussion at Harvard that dealt with some of these same matters, and afterward I was contacted by one of the students who had come to the event, a young woman who was writing her senior thesis about Harvard itself, how it instills in its students what she called self-efficacy, the sense that you can do anything you want. Self-efficacy, or, in more familiar terms, self-esteem. There are some kids, she said, who get an A on a test and say, "I got it because it was easy." And there are other kids, the kind with self-efficacy or self-esteem, who get an A on a test and say, "I got it because I'm smart."
Again, there's nothing wrong with thinking that you got an A because you're smart. But what that Harvard student didn't realize—and it was really quite a shock to her when I suggested it—is that there is a third alternative. True self-esteem, I proposed, means not caring whether you get an A in the first place. True self-esteem means recognizing, despite everything that your upbringing has trained you to believe about yourself, that the grades you get—and the awards, and the test scores, and the trophies, and the acceptance letters—are not what defines who you are.
She also claimed, this young woman, that Harvard students take their sense of self-efficacy out into the world and become, as she put it, "innovative." But when I asked her what she meant by innovative, the only example she could come up with was "being CEO of a Fortune 500." That's not innovative, I told her, that's just successful, and successful according to a very narrow definition of success. True innovation means using your imagination, exercising the capacity to envision new possibilities.
But I'm not here to talk about technological innovation, I'm here to talk about a different kind. It's not about inventing a new machine or a new drug. It's about inventing your own life. Not following a path, but making your own path. The kind of imagination I'm talking about is moral imagination. "Moral" meaning not right or wrong, but having to do with making choices. Moral imagination means the capacity to envision new ways to live your life.
It means not just going with the flow. It means not just "getting into" whatever school or program comes next. It means figuring out what you want for yourself, not what your parents want, or your peers want, or your school wants, or your society wants. Originating your own values. Thinking your way toward your own definition of success. Not simply accepting the life that you've been handed. Not simply accepting the choices you've been handed. When you walk into Starbucks, you're offered a choice among a latte and a macchiato and an espresso and a few other things, but you can also make another choice. You can turn around and walk out. When you walk into college, you are offered a choice among law and medicine and investment banking and consulting and a few other things, but again, you can also do something else, something that no one has thought of before.
Let me give you another counterexample. I wrote an essay a couple of years ago that touched on some of these same points. I said, among other things, that kids at places like Yale or Stanford tend to play it safe and go for the conventional rewards. And one of the most common criticisms I got went like this: What about Teach for America? Lots of kids from elite colleges go and do TFA after they graduate, so therefore I was wrong. TFA, TFA—I heard that over and over again. And Teach for America is undoubtedly a very good thing. But to cite TFA in response to my argument is precisely to miss the point, and to miss it in a way that actually confirms what I'm saying. The problem with TFA—or rather, the problem with the way that TFA has become incorporated into the system—is that it's just become another thing to get into.
In terms of its content, Teach for America is completely different from Goldman Sachs or McKinsey or Harvard Medical School or Berkeley Law, but in terms of its place within the structure of elite expectations, of elite choices, it is exactly the same. It's prestigious, it's hard to get into, it's something that you and your parents can brag about, it looks good on your résumé, and most important, it represents a clearly marked path. You don't have to make it up yourself, you don't have to do anything but apply and do the work­—just like college or law school or McKinsey or whatever. It's the Stanford or Harvard of social engagement. It's another hurdle, another badge. It requires aptitude and diligence, but it does not require a single ounce of moral imagination.
Moral imagination is hard, and it's hard in a completely different way than the hard things you're used to doing. And not only that, it's not enough. If you're going to invent your own life, if you're going to be truly autonomous, you also need courage: moral courage. The courage to act on your values in the face of what everyone's going to say and do to try to make you change your mind. Because they're not going to like it. Morally courageous individuals tend to make the people around them very uncomfortable. They don't fit in with everybody else's ideas about the way the world is supposed to work, and still worse, they make them feel insecure about the choices that they themselves have made—or failed to make. People don't mind being in prison as long as no one else is free. But stage a jailbreak, and everybody else freaks out.
In A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, James Joyce has Stephen Dedalus famously say, about growing up in Ireland in the late 19th century, "When the soul of a man is born in this country there are nets flung at it to hold it back from flight. You talk to me of nationality, language, religion. I shall try to fly by those nets."
Today there are other nets. One of those nets is a term that I've heard again and again as I've talked with students about these things. That term is "self-indulgent." "Isn't it self-indulgent to try to live the life of the mind when there are so many other things I could be doing with my degree?" "Wouldn't it be self-indulgent to pursue painting after I graduate instead of getting a real job?"
These are the kinds of questions that young people find themselves being asked today if they even think about doing something a little bit different. Even worse, the kinds of questions they are made to feel compelled to ask themselves. Many students have spoken to me, as they navigated their senior years, about the pressure they felt from their peers—from their peers—to justify a creative or intellectual life. You're made to feel like you're crazy: crazy to forsake the sure thing, crazy to think it could work, crazy to imagine that you even have a right to try.
Think of what we've come to. It is one of the great testaments to the intellectual—and moral, and spiritual—poverty of American society that it makes its most intelligent young people feel like they're being self-indulgent if they pursue their curiosity. You are all told that you're supposed to go to college, but you're also told that you're being "self-indulgent" if you actually want to get an education. Or even worse, give yourself one. As opposed to what? Going into consulting isn't self-indulgent? Going into finance isn't self-indulgent? Going into law, like most of the people who do, in order to make yourself rich, isn't self-indulgent? It's not OK to play music, or write essays, because what good does that really do anyone, but it is OK to work for a hedge fund. It's selfish to pursue your passion, unless it's also going to make you a lot of money, in which case it's not selfish at all.
Do you see how absurd this is? But these are the nets that are flung at you, and this is what I mean by the need for courage. And it's a never-ending proc­ess. At that Harvard event two years ago, one person said, about my assertion that college students needed to keep rethinking the decisions they've made about their lives, "We already made our decisions, back in middle school, when we decided to be the kind of high achievers who get into Harvard." And I thought, who wants to live with the decisions that they made when they were 12? Let me put that another way. Who wants to let a 12-year-old decide what they're going to do for the rest of their lives? Or a 19-year-old, for that matter?
All you can decide is what you think now, and you need to be prepared to keep making revisions. Because let me be clear. I'm not trying to persuade you all to become writers or musicians. Being a doctor or a lawyer, a scientist or an engineer or an economist—these are all valid and admirable choices. All I'm saying is that you need to think about it, and think about it hard. All I'm asking is that you make your choices for the right reasons. All I'm urging is that you recognize and embrace your moral freedom.
And most of all, don't play it safe. Resist the seductions of the cowardly values our society has come to prize so highly: comfort, convenience, security, predictability, control. These, too, are nets. Above all, resist the fear of failure. Yes, you will make mistakes. But they will be your mistakes, not someone else's. And you will survive them, and you will know yourself better for having made them, and you will be a fuller and a stronger person.
It's been said—and I'm not sure I agree with this, but it's an idea that's worth taking seriously—that you guys belong to a "postemotional" generation. That you prefer to avoid messy and turbulent and powerful feelings. But I say, don't shy away from the challenging parts of yourself. Don't deny the desires and curiosities, the doubts and dissatisfactions, the joy and the darkness, that might knock you off the path that you have set for yourself. College is just beginning for you, adulthood is just beginning. Open yourself to the possibilities they represent. The world is much larger than you can imagine right now. Which means, you are much larger than you can imagine.


William Deresiewicz is a contributing writer for The Nation and a contributing editor at The New Republic. His next book, A Jane Austen Education, will be published next year by Penguin Press.


William Deresiewicz 2010年在斯坦福大学的演讲：

我的题目提出的问题，当然，是一个传统地面向人文科学的专业所提出的问题：学习文学、艺术或哲学能有什么实效价值（practical value）？你肯定纳闷，我为什么在以科技堡垒而闻名的斯坦福提出这个问题呢？大学学位给人带来众多机会，这还有什么需要质疑的吗？

但那不是我提出的问题。这里的“做（do）”并不是指工作（job），“那(that)”并不是指你的专业（major）。]我们不仅仅是我们的工作，教育的全部也不仅仅是一门主修专业。（We are more than our jobs, and education is more than a major.）教育也不仅仅是上大学，甚至也不仅是从幼儿园到研究生院的正规学校教育。我说的“你要做什么”的意思是你要过什么样的生活（what kind of life are you going to lead?）？我所说的“那”指的是你得到的正规或非正规的任何训练，那些把你送到这里来的东西，你在学校的剩余时间里将要做的任何事。

我们不妨先来讨论你是如何考入斯坦福的吧。

你能进入这所大学说明你在某些技能（skills）上非常出色。你的父母在你很小的时候就鼓励你追求卓越（excel）。他们送你到好学校，老师的鼓励和同伴的榜样激励你更努力地学习。除了在所有课程上都出类拔萃之外，你还注重修养的提高，充满热情地培养了一些特殊兴趣。你用几个暑假在本地大学里预习大学课程，或参加专门技能的夏令营或训练营。你学习刻苦、精力集中、全力以赴。所以，你在数学、钢琴、曲棍球等众多方面都很出色。

掌握这些技能当然没有错，全力以赴成为最优秀的人也没有错。错误之处在于这个体系遗漏的地方：即任何别的东西（everything else）。我并不是说因为选择钻研数学，你在充分发展话语表达能力的潜力方面就失败了；也不是说除了集中精力学习地质学之外，你还应该研究政治学；也不是说你在学习钢琴时还应该学吹笛子。毕竟，专业化的本质就是要专业性。可是，专业化的问题在于它把你的注意力限制在一个点上，你所已知的和你想探知的东西都限界于此（it narrows your attention to the point where all you know about and all you want to know about）。真的，你能知道的一切就只是你的专业了。

专业化（specialization）的问题是它让你成为专家（specialist），切断你与世界上其他任何东西的联系，不仅如此，还切断你与自身其他潜能的联系（It cuts you off, not only from everything else in the world, but also from everything else in yourself.）。当然，作为大一新生，你的专业才刚刚开始。在你走向所渴望的成功之路的过程中，进入斯坦福是你踏上的众多阶梯中的一个。再读三年大学，三五年法学院或医学院或博士，然后再干若干年住院实习生或博士后或助理教授。总而言之，进入越来越狭窄的专业化轨道。你可能从政治学专业的学生变成了律师或者公司代理人，再变成专门研究消费品领域的税收问题的公司代理人。你从生物化学专业的学生变成了博士，再变成心脏病学家，再变成专门做心脏瓣膜移植的心脏病医生。

再次，做这些事没有任何错。只不过，在你越来越深入地进入这个轨道后，再记得你最初的样子（remember who you once were）就益发困难了。你开始怀念那个曾经谈钢琴和打曲棍球的人，思考那个曾经和朋友热烈讨论人生和政治以及在课堂内容的人在做什么。那个活泼能干的19岁年轻人已经变成了只想一件事的40岁中年人。（The 19-year-old who could do so many things, and was interested in so many things, has become a 40-year-old who thinks about only one thing.）难怪年长的人这么乏味无趣。（That's why older people are so boring.）“哎，我爸爸曾经是非常聪明的人，但他现在除了谈论钱和肝脏外再无其他。” （"Hey, my dad's a smart guy, but all he talks about is money and livers."）

还有另外一个问题。

或许你从来没有想过当心脏病医生，只是碰巧发生了而已。随大流最容易，这就是体制的力量。（It's easy, the way the system works, to simply go with the flow.）我不是说这个工作容易，而是说做出这种选择很容易。或者，这些根本就不是自己做出的选择。你来到斯坦福这样的名牌大学是因为聪明的孩子都这样（because that's what smart kids do.）。你考入医学院是因为它的地位高，人人都羡慕。你选择心脏病学是因为当心脏病医生的待遇很好。你做那些事能给你带来好处，让你的父母感到骄傲，令你的老师感到高兴，也让朋友们羡慕。从你上高中开始，甚至初中开始，你的唯一目标就是进入最好的大学，所以现在你会很自然地从“进入下个阶段”的角度看待人生（you naturally think about your life in terms of
"getting into" whatever's next）。“进入”就是能力的证明，“进入”就是胜利。先进入斯坦福，然后是约翰霍普金斯医学院，再进入旧金山大学做实习医生等。或者进入密歇根法学院，或高盛集团（GoldmanSachs）或麦肯锡公司（McKinsey）或别的什么地方。你迈出了这一步，下一步似乎就必然在等着你。
也许你确实想当心脏病学家。十岁时就梦想成为医生，即使你根本不知道医生意味着什么。你在上学期间全身心都在朝着这个目标前进。你拒绝了上大学预修历史课（AP history）时的美妙体验的诱惑，也无视你在医学院第四年的儿科学轮流值班时照看孩子的可怕感受。

但不管是什么，要么因为你随大流，要么因为你早就选定了道路，20年后某天醒来，你或许会纳闷到底发生了什么：你怎么变成现在这个样子，这一切意味着什么。不是它是什么，不在于它是否“大画面”（big picture）而是它对你意味着什么。 你为什么做它，到底为了什么。这听起来像老生常谈，但这个被称为中年危机（midlife crisis）的“有一天醒来”（"waking up one day"）一直就发生在每个人身上。

不过，还有另外一种情况，或许中年危机并不会发生在你身上。

让我通过告诉你们一个同伴的故事来解释我的意思吧，即她没有遭遇的情况。几年前，我在哈佛参加了一次小组讨论会，谈到这些问题。后来参加这次讨论的一个学生给我联系，这个哈佛学生正在写有关哈佛的毕业论文，讨论哈佛是如何给学生灌输她所说的“自我效能”（self-efficacy），一种相信自己能做一切的意识。自我效能或更熟悉的说法“自我尊重”（self-esteem）。她说在考试中得了优秀的有些学生会说“我得优秀是因为试题很简单。” 但另外一些学生，那种具有自我效能感或自我尊重的学生，考试得了优秀会说“我得优秀是因为我聪明。”
再次，认为得了优秀是因为自己聪明的想法并没有任何错，不过，哈佛学生没有认识到的是他们没有第三种选择（a third alternative）。当我指出这一点时，她十分震惊。我指出，真正的自尊意味着最初根本就不在乎成绩是否优秀。真正的自尊意味着对此问题的足够认识：尽管你在成长过程中的一切都在教导你要相信自己，但你所达到的登记，还有那些奖励、成绩、奖品、录取通知书等所有这一切，都不能来定义你是谁（defines who you are）。
她还说，这个年轻的女孩子说哈佛学生把他们的自我效能带到了世界上，如她所说的“创新”（innovative）。但当我问她“创新”意味着什么时，她能够想到的唯一例子不过是“世界大公司五百强的首席执行官”（ "being CEO of a Fortune 500"）。我告诉她这不是创新，这只是成功（that's just successful），而且是根据非常狭隘的成功定义而认定的成功而已。真正的创新意味着运用你的想象力，发挥你的潜力，创造新的可能性。（True innovation means using your imagination, exercising the capacity to envision new possibilities.）
但这里我并不是在谈论技术创新，不是发明新机器或者制造一种新药，我谈论的是另外一种创新，是创造你自己的生活（inventing your own life）。不是走现成的道路而是创造一条属于自己的道路。（Not following a path, but making your own path.）我谈论的想象力是道德想象力（moral imagination；眠按：这个是心理学专业名词）。“道德”在这里无关对错，而是与选择有关。道德想象力意味着创造自己新生的能力（envision new ways to live your life）。
它意味着不随波逐流（going with the flow），不是下一步要“进入”什么名牌大学或研究生院。而是要弄清楚自己到底想要什么，而不是父母、同伴、学校、或社会想要什么。即确认你自己的价值观（own values），思考迈向自己所定义的成功的道路，而不仅仅是接受别人给你的生活(simply accepting the life that you've been handed)，不仅仅是接受别人给你的选择。当今走进星巴克咖啡馆，服务员可能让你在牛奶咖啡（latte）、加糖咖啡（macchiato）、特制咖啡（espresso）等几样东西之间做出选择。但你可以做出另外的选择，你可以转身走出去。当你进入大学，人家给你众多选择，或法律或医学或投资银行和咨询以及其他，但你同样也可以做其他事，做从前根本没有人想过的事(something that no one has thought of before)。

让我再举一个反面的例子。

几年前我写过一篇涉及同类问题的文章。我说，那些在耶鲁和斯坦福这类名校的孩子往往比较谨慎，去追求一些稳妥的奖励。我得到的最常见的批评是：教育项目“为美国而教”（Teach for America）如何？从名校出来的很多学生毕业后很多参与这个教育项目，因此我的观点是错误的。我一再听到TFA这个术语。“为美国而教”当然是好东西，但引用这个项目来反驳我的观点恰恰是不得要领，实际上正好证明了我想说的东西。 “为美国而教”的问题或者“为美国而教”已经成为体系一部分的问题，是它已经成为另外一个需要“进入”的门槛。

从其内容来看，“为美国而教”完全不同于高盛或者麦肯锡公司或哈佛医学院或者伯克利法学院，但从它在精英期待的体系中的地位来说，完全是一样的。它享有盛名，很难进入，是值得你和父母夸耀的东西，如果写在简历上会很好看（it looks good on your résumé），最重要的是，它代表了清晰标记的道路（a clearly marked path.）。你根本不用自己创造，什么都不用做，只需申请然后按要求做就行了，就像上大学或法学院或麦肯锡公司或别的什么。它是社会参与方面的斯坦福或哈佛，是另一个栅栏，另一枚奖章。该项目需要能力和勤奋，但不需要一丁点儿的道德想象力。

道德想象力是困难的，这种困难与你已经习惯的困难完全不同。不仅如此，光有道德想象力还不够。如果你要创造自己的生活（invent your own life），如果你想成为真正的独立思想者（truly autonomous），你还需要勇气：道德勇气（moral courage）。不管别人说什么，有按自己的价值观行动的勇气，不会因为别人不喜欢而试图改变自己的想法。具有道德勇气的个人往往让周围的人感到不舒服。他们和其他人对世界的看法格格不入，更糟糕的是，让别人对自己已经做出的选择感到不安全或无法做出选择。只要别人也不享受自由，人们就不在乎自己被关进监狱。可一旦有人越狱，其他人都会跟着跑出去。
在《青年艺术家的肖像》（A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man）中，詹姆斯•乔伊斯（James Joyce）让主人公斯蒂芬•迪达勒斯（Stephen Dedalus）就19世纪末期的爱尔兰的成长环境说出了如下名言“当一个人的灵魂诞生在这个国家时，有一张大网把它罩住，防止它飞翔。你会给我谈论民族性、语言和宗教。我想冲出这些牢笼。”（"When the soul of a man is born in this country there are nets flung at it to hold it back from flight. You talk to me of nationality, language, religion. I shall try to fly by those nets."）

今天，我们面临的是其他的网。
其中之一是我在就这些问题与学生交流时经常听到的一个术语“自我放任”（"self-indulgent"）。“在攻读学位过程中有这么多事要做的时候（so many other things），试图按照自己的感觉生活难道不是自我放任吗？”“毕业后不去找个真正的工作（getting a real job）而去画画难道不是自我放任吗？”

这些是年轻人只要思考一下稍稍出格（a little bit different）的事就不由自主地质问自己的问题。更糟糕的是，他们觉得提出这些问题是理所应当（feel compelled）的。许多学生在毕业前夕的未来探索中跟我说，他们感受到来自同伴那里的压力（the pressure they felt from their peers），需要为创造性的生活或思想生活辩护（to justify a creative or intellectual life）。好像自己已经走火入魔了似的：抛弃确定无疑的东西是疯了，认为思想生活可行是疯了，想象你有权尝试是疯了。（You're made to feel like you're crazy: crazy to forsake the sure thing, crazy to think it could work, crazy to imagine that you even have a right to try.眠按：“羊霸王”比更外界的压力更厉害。）

想象我们现在面临的局面。这是美国社会的贫困——思想、道德和精神贫困的最明显症状，美国最聪明的年轻人竟然认为听从自己的好奇心行动就是自我放任。你们得到的教导是应该上大学，但你们同时也被告知如果真的想得到教育，那就是“自我放任”。如果你自我教育的话，更糟糕。这是什么道理？进入证券咨询业是不是自我放任？进入金融业是不是自我放任？像许多人那样进入律师界发财是不是自我放任？搞音乐，写文章就不行，因为它不能给人带来利益（what good does that really do anyone）。但为风险投资公司工作就可以。追求自己的理想和激情是自私的，除非它能让你赚很多钱。那样的话，就一点儿也不自私了。（It's selfish to pursue your passion, unless it's also going to make you a lot of money, in which case it's not selfish at all.）

你看到这些观点是多么荒谬了吗？这就是罩在你们身上的网，就是我说的需要勇气的意思。这是永不停息的过程（a never-ending process）。在两年前的哈佛事件中，有个学生谈到我说的大学生需要重新思考人生决定的观点，他说“我们已经做出了决定，我们早在中学时就已经决定成为能够进入哈佛的高材生。”我在想，谁会打算按照他在12岁时做出的决定生活呢？(who wants to live with the decisions that they made when they were 12?) 让我换一种说法，谁愿意让一个12岁的孩子决定他们未来一辈子要做什么呢？或者一个19岁的小毛孩儿？

你能做出的决定是你现在想什么，你需要准备好不断修改自己的决定。
让我说得更明白一些。我不是在试图说服你们都成为音乐家或者作家。成为医生、律师、科学家、工程师或者经济学家没有什么不好，这些都是可靠的、可敬的选择（valid and admirable choices）。我想说的是你需要思考它，认真地思考（think about it hard）。我请求你们做的，是根据正确的理由做出你的选择。我在敦促你们的，是认识到你的道德自由（moral freedom）并热情拥抱它。

最重要的是，不要过分谨慎。（Don't play it safe.）去拒否（RESIST）我们社会给予了过高奖赏的那些卑怯的价值观的诱惑：舒服、方便、安全、可预测的、可控制的。这些，同样是罗网。最重要的是，去拒否失败的恐惧感。是的，你会犯错误。可那是你的错误，不是别人的。你将从错误中缓过来，而且，正是因为这些错误，你更好地认识你自己。由此，你成为更完整和强大的人（a fuller and a stronger person）。
人们常说你们年轻人属于“后情感”一代（a "postemotional" generation），我想我未必赞同这个说法，但这个说法值得严肃对待。你们更愿意规避混乱、动荡和强烈的感情（avoid messy and turbulent and powerful feelings），但我想说，不要回避挑战自我（the challenging parts of yourself），不要否认欲望和好奇心（the desires and curiosities）、怀疑和不满（the doubts and dissatisfactions）、快乐和阴郁（the joy and the darkness），它们可能改变你预设的人生轨迹。大学刚开始，成年时代也才刚开始。打开自己，直面各种可能性吧。这个世界的深广远超你现在想象的边际。这意味着，你自身的深广也将远超你现在的想象。
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Tuesday, August 23, 2011

英语邮件



1. I am writing to confirm /enquire/inform you...
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Monday, August 15, 2011

LINUX Shell 下求两个文件交集和差集的办法

基本上有两个方法，一个是comm命令，一个是grep命令。分别介绍如下：
comm命令 ， Compare sorted files FILE1 and FILE2 line by line. With  no options, produce three-column output.  Column one contains lines unique to FILE1, column two contains lines unique to FILE2, and column three contains lines common to both files. 要注意两个文件必须是排序和唯一(sorted and unique)的，默认输出为三列，第一列为是A-B，第二列B-A，第三列为A交B。

如果只想要交集，如下即可：
comm -12 <(sort a.txt|uniq ) <(sort b.txt|uniq )
grep 命令是常用的搜索文本内容的，要找交集，如下即可：
grep -F -f a.txt b.txt
grep不要求排序，但是因为是集合操作，唯一是必须的（不然怎么是集合呢？）。所以：
grep -F -f a.txt b.txt | sort | uniq
差集呢？
 grep -F -v -f a.txt b.txt | sort | uniq
grep -F -v -f b.txt a.txt | sort | uniq
第一行结果为B-A，所以为空；第二行为A-B。注意顺序很重要！

sources：http://blog.csdn.net/autofei/article/details/6579320
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